This article was originally published by Prison Policy Initiative as “Prison Banned Books Week: Books give incarcerated people access to the world, but tablets are often used to wall them off,” authored by Mike Wessler.
Books have long served as a bridge to the outside world for incarcerated people. They allow people cut off from their normal lives — and often from their families — to engage with thinking and ideas that can open their mind and stories that transport them anywhere on earth and beyond. But carceral authorities have also always restricted access to books, and reading behind bars has only become harder in recent years.
This year’s Prison Banned Books Week highlights the role tablets are ironically playing in further restricting incarcerated people’s access to reading materials. To better understand these changes, we looked at data collected by the Prison Banned Books Week campaign on prison book bans, policies around books, and the availability of ebooks on tablet computers.1 What we found is that tablets limit access to important modern writing and knowledge behind bars.
Tablets are nearly everywhere
When we last looked at the availability of prison tablets in 2019, they were relatively new and rare behind bars. Only 12 states had them. Since then, the technology has quickly spread. Today, at least 48 prison systems indicate they have tablets or, as in the case of Alaska and Nevada, are in the process of implementing tablets.2
| State | Tablets available? | Company |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Alaska | Yes; pilot program | Viapath/GTL |
| Arizona | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Arkansas | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| California | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Colorado | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Connecticut | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Delaware | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| District of Columbia | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Florida | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Georgia | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Hawaii | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Idaho | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Illinois | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Indiana | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Iowa | Yes | Advanced Technology Group |
| Kansas | Yes | CenturyLink Public Communications Inc |
| Kentucky | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Louisiana | Unknown | |
| Maine | Yes | Viapath/GTL |
| Maryland | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Massachusetts | Yes | American Prison Data System/Orijin |
| Michigan | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Minnesota | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Mississippi | Unknown | |
| Missouri | Yes | Securus/JPay |
| Montana | Yes | Viapath/GTL |
| Nebraska | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Nevada | Tablets pending | |
| New Hampshire | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| New Jersey | Yes | Securus/JPay |
| New Mexico | Yes | Smart Communications |
| New York | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| North Carolina | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| North Dakota | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Ohio | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Oklahoma | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Oregon | Unknown | |
| Pennsylvania | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Rhode Island | Yes | Keefe |
| South Carolina | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| South Dakota | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Tennessee | Yes | Unknown |
| Texas | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Utah | Unknown | |
| Vermont | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Virginia | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| Washington | Yes | Securus/Jpay |
| West Virginia | Yes | ViaPath/GTL |
| Wisconsin | Yes | ICSolutions |
| Wyoming | Yes | Unknown |
| Federal BOP | Yes | Keefe |
The two companies providing tablets to the most state prisons are Securus/JPay and ViaPath/GTL. Perhaps this should come as no surprise since these two companies have long been the largest providers of telecommunication services for incarcerated people. They control roughly 80% of both the phone and e-messaging markets behind bars.
Importantly, these companies have shifted their focus to tablets as the prison and jail voice and video calling market has come under increasing scrutiny and regulation. Tablets behind bars have not undergone the same oversight, leaving companies like these free to use the devices to continue squeezing money from incarcerated people and their families for services like e-messaging, digitized mail, and music streaming.
Physical books are increasingly rare behind bars
The rapid expansion of tablets behind bars has occurred at a time when access to physical books in prisons has become increasingly rare.
Books have always been hard to come by behind bars. While it is true that most prisons technically have libraries, they are often under-resourced, strictly regulated, and have limited and outdated selections of books making them unreliable for accessing books and information. And increasingly frequent lockdowns often keep them entirely out of reach.
This situation has become even more dire in recent years as more states have implemented content-neutral book bans that restrict families and friends from sending books directly to their incarcerated loved ones. These policies mandate that books sent to people in prison can only come from a limited selection of approved vendors. This means that friends, family, churches, libraries, nonprofit organizations, and others who want to send books directly to people in prison can no longer do so. Instead, they must purchase titles from the vendor hand-picked by the prison and have that vendor send the books directly to the facility. A 2023 study by PEN America found 84% of prison mailrooms they surveyed had implemented these sorts of bans, even when it was not the statewide policy.
Of course, even facilities that still allow people to send books to their incarcerated loved ones dramatically restrict what they can read. A 2023 review by the Marshall Project found that state prisons explicitly ban over 50,000 books. However, that only tells a part of the story. At least 23 states, along with Washington, D.C. and the Federal Bureau of Prisons, do not have written lists of explicitly banned books but instead say they evaluate books on a case-by-case basis, providing mailroom staff with immense discretion to implement already vague rules, with little oversight.
It will come as little surprise that one of the most frequently cited reasons for a prison to ban a book is “security.” However, it is clear this reasoning is applied indiscriminately and often in situations where no reasonable security threat exists. For example, in 2022, Texas prisons banned the second edition of Merriam-Webster’s Visual Dictionary on security grounds because it contained a picture of a gun. And it would likely surprise many that the most banned book in American prisons is a cookbook. Prison Ramen details how incarcerated people can use ingredients often sold at commissaries to add flavor to ramen (another common item in prison commissaries). Perhaps prison authorities worry that the book’s recipe for “Shawshank Spread” might serve as inspiration for people behind bars. And of course, it goes without saying that there is little to no evidence that any of these books explicitly banned in prisons have ever led to any actual security incident.
Tablets aren’t filling the gap
Prisons often claim that the addition of tablets behind bars will increase access to books, despite other book bans they have implemented. Unfortunately, though, because of limited and outdated ebook selections, tablets are not living up to their potential and likely aren’t even filling the emerging book-gap.
The companies behind these tablets often boast that they offer access to tens of thousands of free books, which sounds quite impressive until you examine their offerings more closely. For example, none of the best-selling books released since the year 2000 are available on Securus/JPay tablets in Georgia. It is hard to imagine that prisons can attribute this to security concerns since many Harry Potter books — which are considered a rite of passage for many young readers — and The Purpose Driven Life — a bible study book written by Pastor Rick Wilson — are among those best-sellers that are not available.
Instead, most of the books that are available on tablets come from Project Gutenberg, a collection of free ebooks. Importantly, these books are free because their copyright expired when they reached 100 years old.3 Undoubtedly, this collection includes some important classic books. However, their age — and the companies’ decisions not to offer newer books — creates some significant problems. For example, you likely won’t find books by author and civil rights activist James Baldwin on these tablets. However, you’ll likely find Yankee Girls in Zulu Land, a book that is over 130 years old and is known for its racist ideas and sentiments.
Additionally, not all tablets even offer ebooks. Michigan’s tablets have no reading material and the state has a statewide approved vendor policy that limits incarcerated people’s book purchases to four booksellers, making reading costly and inaccessible in Michigan prisons.
Making tablets work for incarcerated readers
Prison tablets are not inherently bad, but the ways that facilities and companies have implemented them are. Tablets can and should provide new opportunities for incarcerated people to engage with high-quality books and other content in ways that don’t sap them of what little money they have.
The single most important step that prisons can take to make tablets work in the best interest of incarcerated readers is by forcing the companies to offer other apps that give incarcerated people access to the catalogs at their local libraries. Apps like Hoopla offer free access to selected ebooks, audiobooks, movies, and more from local libraries. Communities are already paying to provide access to these materials to people outside of the prison walls, it only makes sense to expand that access to people locked up in prisons, too.
The companies behind these tablets will certainly resist this effort because it would likely cut into their bottom line. Their track record shows that profit, not the well-being of incarcerated people, is their driving force. However, prison officials have the upper hand in contract negotiations. If a few states band together to demand access to materials from the local library on tablets, the companies would be forced to respond or else risk devastating revenue losses.
Of course, prisons all too often collude with telecom providers to make money by squeezing incarcerated people for goods and services they can’t refuse. But even if prisons aren’t moved by a desire to help the people in their care, state lawmakers should pay attention to prisons’ policies around reading. We know that when people who are incarcerated stay connected to the outside world, it improves their mental and physical well-being and prepares them for their release. States should do more to ensure that tablets are operating in the best interest of the people who use them.
Footnotes
- It is important to note that this analysis only looks at prison policies, and does not look at local jails. Jails generally have fewer resources and offer fewer services to incarcerated people, so it is reasonable to assume that the issues raised in this briefing are likely even worse in local jails. ↩
- Louisiana, Mississippi, Utah, and Oregon did not respond to FOIA requests for information about tablets inside their facilities. ↩
- It is worth noting that tablet companies initially charged incarcerated people to access these free books. After public pressure, they ultimately made these books free, however the incident exemplifies the ways these companies attempt to unfairly extract money from incarcerated people and their families. ↩
This article was originally published by Prison Policy Initiative as “Prison Banned Books Week: Books give incarcerated people access to the world, but tablets are often used to wall them off,” authored by Mike Wessler
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